Wednesday, 12 September 2012

Memahami Depresi


Pada zaman modern ini, banyak manusia yang mengalami stres, kecemasan, dan kegelisahan. Sayangnya, masih raja ada orang yang berpikir bahwa stres dan depresi bukan benar-benar penyakit. Dibandingkan AIDS yang menjadi momok saat ini, stres dan depresi jauh lebih bertanggung jawab terhadap banyak kematian. Karena kedua hal tersebut merupakan sumber dan berbagai penyakit.

Stres dan depresi yang dibiarkan berlarut-larut, membebani pikiran clan dapat mengganggu sistem kekebalan tubuh. Apabila kita berada dalam emosi yang negatif,
seperti rasa sedih, benci, iri, putus asa, kecemasan, dan kurang bersyukur dengan niicmat yang ada, maka sistem kekebalan tubuh kita menjadi lemah.

Hubungan antara perasaan negatif dan terjadinya serangan penyakit, telah berkali-kali dibuktikan. Para dokter di John Hopkin Medical School menemukan bahwa orang-orang yang emosional dan pemurung, cenderung menderita penyakit yang serius seperti kanker, tekanan darah tinggi, jantung, dan berumur pendek. Umumnya para spesialis jantung mengakui bahwa orang dengan kepribadian `tipe A' yaitu individu yang tidak mau kalah, tidak sabar, terburu­bum, dan mudah jengkel, lebih berpeluang terhadap penyakit dan serangan jantung. (Betz & Thomas, 1981)

Depresi merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan mental utama saat ini, yang mendapat perhatian serius. Di negara-negara berkembang, WHO memprediksikan bahwa pada tahun 2020 nanti depresi akan menjadi salah satu penyakit mental yang banyak dialami; dan depresi berat akan menjadi salah satu penyebab kedua terbesar kematian setelah serangan jantung. Tim riset Majalah Intisari melakukan telesurvey yang dilakukan pada pembaca majalah kelompok Kompas-Gramedia di 5 kota besar, yaitu Medan, Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, dan Surabaya. Usia responden antara 20-30 tahun, dipilih berdasarkan sampling acak sederhana (simple random sampling) dan populasi 3.367 pembaca terpilih, dengan sampling error sebesar 6.7%, pada tingkat kepercayaan 95%, hasilnya 80% orang di 5 kota besar tersebut mengalami depresi dengan berbagai tingkatan. Apakah depresi itu ?

Rice, P.L. penulis buku Stress and Health, menyatakan bahwa depresi adalah gangguan sunsana hati (mood), kondisi emosional berkepanjangan yang mewamai seluruh proses mental (berpikir, berperasaan, dan berperilaku) seseorang. Pada urriumnya mood yang secara dorninan muncul adalah perasaan tidak berdaya dan kehilangan harapan. Depresi ditandai dengan perasaan sedih yang psikopatologis, kehilangan minat dan kegembiraan, berkurangnya energi yang menuju kepada meningkatnya keadaan mudah lelah yang sangat nyata sesudah bekerja sebentar solo, dan berkurangnya aktivitas.
Gejala apa yang dialami ?
Untuk menentukan apakah seseorang mengalami depresi atau tidak, tim riset menggunakan parameter gejala depresi. Seseorang dianggap mengalami depresi jika dia menunjukkan lima atau lebih gejala dari sepuluh gejala tersebut. Gejala tersebut, adalah :
1.      Mengalami sulit berkonsentrasi atau menjadi pelupa
2.      Kehilangan semangat untuk melakukan hobi/pekerjaan/alctivitas harian.
3.      Gangguan tidur atau sexing terbangun di tengah malam.
4.      Murung, mudah marah
5.      Kehilangan selera makan atau ingin ngemil terns.
6.      Capek berkepanjangan.
7.      Merasa putus asa atau sulit untuk melupakan permasalahan yang sulit dihadapi.
8.      Merasakan tidak berharga atau sangat bersalah.
9.      Sedih berkepanjangan atau merasa pikiran kosong.
10.  Pesimis terhadap masa depan
Apakah penyebab Depresi ?
Dan survei di lima kota itu, penyebab utama depresi adalah beban hidup, terutama beban ekonomi, yang makin hari makin berat. Berturut-turut setelah itu : kemacetan lalu lintas; beban kerja atau beban sekolah semakin tinggi; problem dengan relasi atau teman; kehilangan orang yang dicintai, ketidakharmonisan keluarga, dan mempunyai penyakit kronis yang tidak kunjung sembuh.

Perkembangan Depresi

Predisposisi Depresi

Konsep diri yang negatif akan menghasilkan penilaian yang sesuai dengan konsep tersebut. Setiap pertimbangan negatif cenderung untuk memperkuat konsep diri yang negatif tersebut. Sehingga terbentuk lingkaran : setiap penilaian negatif akan memperkuat konsep diri negati, yang selanjutnya akan menghasilkan pemaknaan negatif terhadap pengalaman berikutnya dan makin memantapkan konsep diri negatif tersebut. Pengertian konsep negatif akan merendahkan harga diri dan konsep ini muncul dengan kuat pada penderita depresi.

Penilaian atau konotasi yang dikaitkan dengan konsep diri adalah hal yang dapat mempertajam predisposisi depresi. Ketika individu membuat generalisasi tentang dirinya, seperti "saya tidak berharga, tidak populer"; maka orang itu cenderung menganggap atribut itu sebagai sesuatu yang buruk. la mungkin akan mengembangkan ketidaksenangannya kepada sesuatu hal menjadi ketidaksenangannya terhadap diri secara menyeluruh.

Bila anggapan diri negatif sudah mengena pada afek negatif, maka individu akan mengalami afek tidak menyenangkan ketika is membuat penilaian negatif terhadap dirinya. Sikap-sikap negatif yang terbentuk akan saling berhubungan dan membentuk konstelasi depresi yang khas. Konstelasi ini laten, namun dapat diaktifkan bila dihadapkan pada suatu kejadian yang relevan. Bila aktif, konsep itu mendominasi pemikiran dan secara perlahan­lahan menggantikan cara-cara mengorganisasi dan mengevaluasi informasi.

Ketika depresi aktif terkonstelasi akan terjadi rangkaian peristiwa sebagai berikut : individu menginterpretasikan pengalaman sebagai kegagalan atau hambatan pribadi, lalu menghubungkan kegagalan itu dengan beberapa kekurangan dalam dirinya. Kemudian, dia menganggap dirinya tidak berharga, menyalahkan dirinya, dan membenci dirinya karena mempunyai kekurangan itu. Karena dia menganggap kekurangan itu adalah bagian penting dan dirinya, maka dia tidak memiliki harapan akan terjadinya perubahan dan memandang masa depan sebagai yang tidak memberi kepuasan atau berisi hal-hal yang menyakitkan.

Pre zipitating of Depression

Individu yang mempunyai gabungan konstelasi dan sikap-sikap yang telah dijabarkan, memiliki predisposisi untuk mengembangkan depresi klinis pada kehidupan selanjutnya. Konstelasi tersebut dapat menjadi depresi bergantung pada kondisi yang mampu mengaktifkan konstelasi tersebut.
Stres Yang Spesifik :   1. Situasi yang dapat menurunkan harga
2.         Situasi yang menghambat tujuan penting atau dilema yang harus Dipecahkan.
3.        Penyakit, gangguan fisik, atau abnormalitas.
4.        Rangkaian situasi stres yang berulang.
Stres Yang Non Spesifik : 1. Bencana yang tidak terduga.
2. Serangkaian peristiwa yang berlebihan.
Resiko Yang Ditimbulkan oleh Stres
1. Bunuh diri. 2. Gangguan tidur : Insomnia dan Hypersomnia. 3.Gangguan dalam hubungan. 4. Gangguan dalam pekerjaan. 5. Gangguan Pola Makan (Bulimia Nervosa, Anoreksia Nervosa, Obesitas). 6. Perilaku-perilaku merusak.

Cara Menanggulang Stres

1. Dengan Obat Antidepresan ( Lithium, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor, Tricyclics, SSRIs). 2. Dengan CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy). 3 Terapi Interpersonal (menjadi asertii). 4. Konseling Kelompok dan Dukungan Sosial. 5. Berolah Raga. 6. Diet (Mengatur Pola Makan). 7. Terapi Humor. 8. Berdo'a. 9. Hidroterapi dan Hidrotermal. 10 Menolong Orang Yang Sedang Menderits Depresi.

Kesehatan menyeluruh yang optimal hanya mungkin ketika ada hubungan yang harmonis antara tubuh, pikiran, dan jiwa. Penyakit adalah keadaan ketidak seimbangan yang menyebabkan gangguan pada tubuh, pikiran, dan emosi. Oleh karena itu, depresi perlu ditangani dengan baik untuk menyeimbangkan kembali tubuh, pikiran, dan emosi.
(Oleh : Dra. Herrien Triwahyuni M.Si.)
Pustaka :
Lubis, Namora Lumongga. (2009). Depresi, Tinjauan Psikologis. Jakarta : Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Sholekhudin, M. (2009). 8 dari 10 Orang Indonesia mengalami Depresi. (Intisari Desember 2009). Jakarta : PT Gramedia.

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